It s not everyday that you get to dress up like Kings and Queens while touring a castle. While visiting Cavernago, Bergamo we had a chance to do just that along with learning how to make traditional Italian cuisine. Our first order of business was preparing lunch, so we headed into the kitchen for our Italian cooking class. Our lesson consisted of making a full course meal including pumpkin ravioli, steak tartare and tiramisu for dessert. Everything was made from scratch, including the pasta, which gave us a new-found appreciation for the amount of preparation that goes into making high quality Italian cuisine. After devouring our Italian creations we toured Castello di Malpaga (Malpaga Castle) all decked out in fancy attire. It was the perfect way to end what was an incredibly fun day. GEAR WE USE Olympus OM-D E-M5 II: http://amzn.to/1OchS7t Canon G7X: http://amzn.to/1YdjsYX Olympus 14-150mm II Lens: http://amzn.to/1Y79zeM Rode Video Mic GO: http://amzn.to/1WDKtVM Joby Gorilla Pod: http://amzn.to/1PgoY5F SanDisk 16GB Extreme Pro: http://amzn.to/25KEErs SOCIAL MEDIA & TRAVEL BLOGS AUDREY: blog: http://thatbackpacker.com/ instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thatbackpacker/ facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thatbackpacker twitter: https://twitter.com/ThatBackpacker SAMUEL: blog: http://nomadicsamuel.com/ facebook: https://www.facebook.com/nomadicsamuel twitter: https://twitter.com/NomadicSamuel instragram: https://www.instagram.com/nomadicsamuel/ Italian Cooking Class at Castello di Malpaga (Malpaga Castle) in Cavernago, Bergamo, Italy Travel Video Transcript: Okay guys, so I m pretty excited about today. We have left Bergamo behind and we re visiting a castle outside in the countryside. It s called Castello di Malpaga and we are going to be taking a cooking class inside a castle. So I m going to get ready to start cooking and Sam is going to give you a tour of the castle so you can see what it looks like. So this is a family owned castle. It dates back to the 13th Century. Let me give you a tour. The first lesson of the day was to focus on dishes that take the longest to prepare, so we got started with dessert- a delicious tiramisu with a modern twist! Like that? More aggressively. Like that. So I m taking a quick break from the kitchen to tell you today s menu. We are going to be preparing beef tartare as an entree, ravioli for the main course and then tiramisu for dessert. So it should be very tasty. Let s get back to the kitchen and let s keep cooking. For our main dish we prepared ravioli, and because this is Italy the dough had to be made from scratch. There were no shortcuts here and everyone was put to work kneading and then rolling out the dough into thin layers. What are we doing over here? Rolling some pasta. It requires a lot of muscle work. More muscle than I have. Preparing the stuffing was next. We went with a vegetarian option, which was pumpkin. Smashing pumpkins. Like the bad. Hahahaha. So clever. Once again, we took no shortcuts here. Pumpkins were chopped, peeled, and then boiled, before being pressed into a paste that we used as our filling. The last dish of the day was beef tartare. I skipped out since it s not to my taste, but I was told it was very tasty. So we have now finished preparing our three course meal and we re going to go have lunch inside the feast hall which has painted frescoes that are just beautiful. So let s go in. Buon appetito! How is the food so far? It is delicious because I prepared it myself. I hardly did any work actually. The truth comes out. And now that lunch is over we get to play dress-up. Let me lead you around my castle. I am Queen of this kingdom. Once we had eaten lunch, it was finally time to tour the castle - a very exciting prospect, especially when you re dressed in Renaissance costumes. We paraded around like kings and queens, and then explored the former home of Bartolomeo Colleoni, who was captain-general of the Republic of Venice and earned quite the reputation battling neighbouring city-states. We re Kings and Queens from around the world. And winter is coming. Winter is coming. So I had a lot of fun cooking, eating and playing king for a day in a castle but unfortunately all good things come to an end and it is time for us to go back to Milan. This is part of our Travel in Italy series. We re making a series of videos showcasing Italian culture, Italian arts, Italian foods, Italian religion, Italian cuisine and Italian people. All photos and video taken by Samuel Jeffery (Nomadic Samuel) and Audrey Bergner (That Backpacker). Music in this video courtesy of Audio Network

View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/why-do-women-have-periods A handful of species on Earth share a seemingly mysterious trait: a menstrual cycle. We’re one of the select few mammals on Earth that menstruate, and we also do it more than any other animal, even though it’s a waste of nutrients, and can be a physical inconvenience. So where’s the sense in this uncommon biological process? TED-Ed describes the history and evolution of menstruation. Lesson by TED-Ed, animation by TED-Ed.

Thanks to Lynda.com for sponsoring this video! Visit https://www.lynda.com/earth for a 10-day free trial Thanks also to our Patreon patrons: - Today I Found Out - Jeff Straathof - Mark - Maarten Bremer - Duhilio Patiño - Alberto Bortoni - Avi Yashchin - Valentin - Nicholas Buckendorf - Antoine Coeur ___________________________________________ Want to learn more about the topic in this week’s video? Here s a keyword to get your googling started: herd immunity: immunity that occurs when the vaccination of a portion of a population provides protection for individuals who have not developed immunity ___________________________________________ Credits: Script Writer: Kate Yoshida (twitter:@KateYoshida) Script Editor: Emily Elert (twitter:@eelert) Video Illustrator: Omkar Bhagat (twitter:@TheCuriousEnggr) Video Director: Emily Elert (twitter:@eelert) With Contributions From: Alex Reich (twitter:@alexhreich), Henry Reich (twitter:@minutephysics), Peter Reich and Ever Salazar (twitter:@eversalazar) Music by: Nathaniel Schroeder: http://www.soundcloud.com/drschroeder _________________________________________ Like our videos? Subscribe on YouTube: http://goo.gl/EpIDGd And for exclusive early access to all our videos, sign up with Vessel: https://goo.gl/hgD1iJ Already subscribed? Help us keep making MinuteEarth by supporting us on Patreon: https://goo.gl/ZVgLQZ Also, say hello on: Facebook: http://goo.gl/FpAvo6 Twitter: http://goo.gl/Y1aWVC And find us on itunes: https://goo.gl/sfwS6n ________________________ References: Alecca, J. (2015, March 31). Measles vaccinations jump after scare, public dialogue. Seattle Times. http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/health/amid-outbreaks-measles-shots-surge-27-percent-in-state/ Bohlke, K., Davis, R.L., Marcy, S. M., Braun, M. M., DeStefano, F., Black, S.B., Mullooly, J.P., Thompson, R.S. (2003). Risk of Anaphylaxis After Vaccination of Children and Adolescents, Pediatrics, 112, 815-820. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/112/4/815.long Center for Disease Control (2015, August 17). Vaccines and Immunizations: Possible Side-effects from Vaccines. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vac-gen/side-effects.htm Chapman University (2014). Social Reality Index. https://www.chapman.edu/wilkinson/_files/new%20research%20centers/babbie%20pics/social-reality-index.pd Chen, R.T. (1999). Vaccine risks: real, perceived and unknown. Vaccine, 17, S41–S46. Kimmel, S. R. (2002). Vaccine Adverse Events: Separating Myth from Reality. American Family Physician, 66, 2113–2120. http://www.aafp.org/afp/2002/1201/p2113.html National Safety Council (2015). Injury Facts. http://www.nsc.org/learn/safety-knowledge/Pages/injury-facts-odds-of-dying.aspx The University of Michigan C.S. Mott Children s Hospital (2015). National Poll on Children s Health: Safer, with More Benefits: Parents’ Vaccines Views Shifting, Volume 24 Issue 2. http://mottnpch.org/sites/default/files/documents/070615_vaccine_safety.pdf

Unboxing the One Liter Paulaner Oktoberfest Wiesn Beer Can & Beer Mug. A great guy s gift or gift for anyone that likes beer. Enjoy Oktoberfest responsibly and never drink and drive! USA Today & 10Best s #1 Independent Travel Videographer 2014 FlipKey by TripAdvisor Top 10 Travel Bloggers 2014 Find More Videos At: http://www.woltersworld.com Subscribe to Wolters World on YouTube! http://www.youtube.com/woltersworld Follow Us At http://www.facebook.com/woltersworld http://www.twitter.com/woltersworld http://www.instagram.com/woltersworld

Lately Audrey and I have seen a shift in our travel preference from larger urban centers to more remote quiet towns. Coming from Milan to Chiavenna allowed us to slow down the pace of our travels and really get to experience what this quaint town situated in the Italian Alps has to offer. During the two days we spent here we had an opportunity to visit an Italian castle, a grotto restaurant, an artisan s workshop and attend the Bresaola festival just to name a few. One of the highlights was waking up early enough to drive across to Switzerland to eat some Swiss chocolate and snap a few photos of the ice capped mountains in the distance. Out of all the places I had a chance to visit in Italy I liked Chiavenna the most and would gladly return again someday in the future. GEAR WE USE Olympus OM-D E-M5 II: http://amzn.to/1OchS7t Canon G7X: http://amzn.to/1YdjsYX Olympus 14-150mm II Lens: http://amzn.to/1Y79zeM Rode Video Mic GO: http://amzn.to/1WDKtVM Joby Gorilla Pod: http://amzn.to/1PgoY5F SanDisk 16GB Extreme Pro: http://amzn.to/25KEErs SOCIAL MEDIA & TRAVEL BLOGS AUDREY: blog: http://thatbackpacker.com/ instagram: https://www.instagram.com/thatbackpacker/ facebook: https://www.facebook.com/thatbackpacker twitter: https://twitter.com/ThatBackpacker SAMUEL: blog: http://nomadicsamuel.com/ facebook: https://www.facebook.com/nomadicsamuel twitter: https://twitter.com/NomadicSamuel instragram: https://www.instagram.com/nomadicsamuel/ Chiavenna city tour and crossing the border to Switzerland: So Hello again from Italy! Today we are visiting a town called Chiavenna which is just two hours by train from Milan. A super easy day trip and it is a beautiful town. Very colorful, so we re going to be showing you some of the attractions around town as well as the outskirts. So next up we re about to visit Palazzo Vertemate Franchi. So let s go in and find out who used to live here. This Renaissance masterpiece was commissioned by the Vertemate Franchi family, which was one of the wealthiest families in the area. Within the walls of their property you ll find manicured Italian gardens, a chestnut grove, an array of fruit trees, and even a vineyard. Needless to say, this place would have been quite impressive back in the 16th century. So I ve learned two things about this palace. First off, they have the only walled vineyard in all of Chiavenna. And I also learned that the family had their own chapel because they were very noble and didn t like mixing with the commoners at the local church service. After touring the outside, we went inside the palazzo where we found painted ceilings, secret compartments meant for spying, and tiny beds because apparently people used to sleep seated and propped on pillows back in the day. So we are standing next to the portrait of Aloisius who was a member of the family. Now apparently he was a bit of a womanizer. He really liked the ladies and these days his ghost roams the halls looking for women. So beware if you visit. We also made sure to have a drink at the nearby fountain of youth. Apparently if you drink this water you re going to be young and healthy the rest of your life. So I m going to go have some. Maybe have a bath in there. I could use a bath. We then visited the Acquafraggia Waterfalls which were visited by Leonardo Da Vinci himself. Apparently he was so impressed by their beauty that he even wrote about them in his journal. From there we headed to a local artisan s workshop who works with pietra ollare - a local stone that he uses to create both art and cooking pots. Speaking Italian. And because we suffer from just-one-more-country-syndrome, we couldn t resist crossing a nearby border. Yes, we went to Switzerland! Where we were based in Italy we were only 10 kilometers away from Switzerland so we thought why not drive over here and pickup some chocolate. Yum! Swiss chocolate! So I m going to try my Swiss chocolate in Switzerland. We chose some beautiful views over here. Trust me, there are mountains covered in snow. It is just that the fog is rolling in at the moment but it is a pretty setting. Anyways, time for the chocolate. And look, it opens like an envelope. I broke the envelope. Fancy. The chocolate is like a letter in the envelope. Oh la lah. Swiss chocolate. It is so innovative. And this is milk chocolate I believe. Wow, that looks thick. And that s a wrap for our time in Chiavenna. It was a short and sweet visit, but it made us hungry to come back to the Alps! This is part of our Travel in Italy series. We re making a series of videos showcasing Italian culture, Italian arts, Italian foods, Italian religion, Italian cuisine and Italian people. Proudly presented by: http://nomadicsamuel.com & http://thatbackpacker.com All photos and video taken by Samuel Jeffery (Nomadic Samuel) and Audrey Bergner (That Backpacker). Music in this video courtesy of Audio Network

These 10 people took the lives of others for the most absurd reasons you could imagine! WATCH MORE VIDEOS LIKE THIS ONE HERE: 10 Real Life Deaths Caused By Video Games: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ocEO9e0Q1M 15 Strangest Ways People Have Died: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rEJk_4Jy1Aw The FBI s 10 Most Wanted Criminals: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yd-QDqQq0wI Visit our site: http://www.TopTrending.com Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TopTrending Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/TopTrending Commentator: http://www.youtube.com/user/BaerTaffy Music: http://audiojungle.net/item/westside-gangstas/232282?s_phrase=dark%20vibes&s_rank=30 10 Dumbest Reasons Why People Killed

Astronomers study a lot of gorgeous things, but nebulae might be the most breathtakingly beautiful of them all. Nebulae are clouds of gas and dust in space. They can glow on their own or reflect light from nearby stars. When they glow it’s usually predominantly red from hydrogen and green from oxygen, and when they reflect and scatter light it’s from massive hot stars, so they look blue. Stars are born in some nebulae and create new ones as they die. Some nebulae are small and dense, others can be dozens or hundreds of lightyears across. Check out the Crash Course Astronomy solar system poster here: http://store.dftba.com/products/crashcourse-astronomy-poster -- Chapters: Introduction: Nebulae 00:00 Emission Nebulae 1:17 Reflection Nebulae 2:36 Molecular Clouds 3:43 The Orion Nebula 5:07 Stars Form in Nebulae 6:42 Edges of Nebulae 8:32 Viewing Nebulae in the Infrared 10:10 Review 11:04 -- PBS Digital Studios: http://youtube.com/pbsdigitalstudios Follow Phil on Twitter: https://twitter.com/badastronomer Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support CrashCourse on Patreon: http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse -- PHOTOS/VIDEOS Saturn https://www.flickr.com/photos/badastronomy/10328043663/sizes/o/in/photostream/ [credit: Photo by NASA / JPL / Space Science Institute / Gordan Ugarkovic] Carina Nebula http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic0707/ [credit: NASA, ESA, N. Smith (University of California, Berkeley), and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)] Crab Nebula http://sci.esa.int/herschel/53338-herschel-and-hubble-composite-image-of-the-crab-nebula/ [credit: ESA/Herschel/PACS/MESS Key Programme Supernova Remnant Team; NASA, ESA and Allison Loll/Jeff Hester (Arizona State University)] Carina Jets http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic1007a/ [credit: NASA, ESA, M. Livio and the Hubble 20th Anniversary Team (STScI)] The Twin Jet Nebula http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic1518a/ [credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA] Tycho s Supernova Remnant http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2011/tycho/ [credit: X-ray: NASA/CXC/Rutgers/K.Eriksen et al.; Optical: DSS] Ring Nebula s True Shape http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2013/13/image/a/ [credit: NASA, ESA, C.R. O Dell (Vanderbilt University), and D. Thompson (Large Binocular Telescope Observatory)] 3D animation of the Orion nebula http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/astro_bo/ [credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser] Stardust http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/images/science/idp-m.jpg [credit: NASA] From the Pleiades to the Hyades http://www.deepskycolors.com/archive/2011/11/06/from-the-Pleiades-to-the-Hyades.html [credit: Rogelio Bernal Andreo] How to Become a Star http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0102a/ [credit: ESO] The Orion Nebula http://www.eso.org/public/images/eso1103a/ [credit: ESO/Igor Chekalin] Trapezium Cluster in the Orion Nebula http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo0019b/ [credit: K.L. Luhman (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Mass.); and G. Schneider, E. Young, G. Rieke, A. Cotera, H. Chen, M. Rieke, R. Thompson (Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.) and NASA/ESA] PIA08656 http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/images/largesize/PIA08656_hires.jpg [credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/IRAS/H. McCallon] Edge-On Protoplanetary Disc in the Orion Nebula http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo9545h/ [credit: Mark McCaughrean (Max-Planck-Institute for Astronomy), C. Robert O Dell (Rice University), and NASA/ESA] Hubble s sharpest image of the Orion Nebula with proplyd highlights https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0917ab/ [credit: NASA, ESA, M. Robberto (Space Telescope Science Institute/ESA), the Hubble Space Telescope Orion Treasury Project Team and L. Ricci (ESO)] Young Stellar Disks in Infrared http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/opo9905b/ [credit: D. Padgett (IPAC/Caltech), W. Brandner (IPAC), K. Stapelfeldt (JPL) and NASA/ESA] The Eagle Nebula, M16 https://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im0725.html [credit: T.A.Rector (NRAO/AUI/NSF and NOAO/AURA/NSF) and B.A.Wolpa (NOAO/AURA/NSF)] Pillars of Creation http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2015/01/image/e/warn/ [credit: NASA, ESA, and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)] Planetary Nebula HFG1 https://www.noao.edu/image_gallery/html/im1110.html [credit: T.A. Rector (University of Alaska Anchorage) and H. Schweiker (WIYN and NOAO/AURA/NSF)] Zooming in on the Horsehead Nebula http://www.spacetelescope.org/videos/heic1307c/ [credit: NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (STScI); ESO] Orion, from Head to Toes http://www.deepskycolors.com/archive/2010/10/22/orion-from-Head-to-Toes.html [credit: Rogelio Andreo Bernal] Sifting through Dust near Orion’s Belt (mouseover comparison) http://www.eso.org/public/images/comparisons/eso1219a/ [credit: ESO/APEX (MPIfR/ESO/OSO)/T. Stanke et al./Igor Chekalin/Digitized Sky Survey 2]

View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/what-are-the-universal-human-rights-benedetta-berti The basic idea of human rights is that each one of us, no matter who we are or where we are born, is entitled to the same basic rights and freedoms. That may sound straightforward enough, but it gets incredibly complicated as soon as anyone tries to put the idea into practice. What exactly are the basic human rights? Who gets to pick them? Who enforces them—and how? Benedetta Berti explores the subtleties of human rights. Lesson by Benedetta Berti, animation by Sarah Saidan.

When magic tricks go very very wrong. WATCH MORE VIDEOS LIKE THIS ONE HERE: 5 Actors Who Almost Died on Set: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ku_GsGryF_E 10 Dumbest Mistakes Of All Time: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YNGF49pSuxo 10 Real Life Deaths Caused By Video Games: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ocEO9e0Q1M Visit our site: http://www.TopTrending.com Like us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TopTrending Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/TopTrending Music: Kevin MacLeod - Pooka (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution 3.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ 5 Magicians That Died During Their Magic Tricks

Why is there a bright spot behind spherical objects? Be the first to find out about new projects: http://www.veritasium.com Filmed by Nathan Watkins and Raquel Nuno, animation by Meg Rosenburg. Music by Kevin MacLeod, http://www.incompetech.com Scissors Mirage Marty Gots a Plan . Special thanks to Laura Vican for helping with the experiment. References: http://www.princeton.edu/~rvdb/images/Questar/PoissonSpot.html Why Toast Lands Jelly-side Down: Zen and the Art of Physics Demonstrations By Robert Ehrlich

So, we ve been putting off a kind of basic question here. What is money? What is currency? How are the two different. Well, not to give away too much, but money has a few basic functions. It acts as a store of value, a medium of exchange, and as a unit of account. Money isn t just bills and coins. It can be anything that meets these three criteria. In US prisons, apparently, pouches of Mackerel are currency. Yes, mackerel the fish. Paper and coins work as money because they re backed by the government, which is an advantage over mackerel. So, once you ve got money, you need finance. We ll talk about borrowing, lending, interest, and stocks and bonds. Also, this episode features a giant zucchini, which Adriene grew in her garden. So that s cool. Special thanks to Dave Hunt for permission to use his PiPhone video. this guy really did make an artisanal smartphone! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8eaiNsFhtI8 Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Fatima Iqbal, Penelope Flagg, Eugenia Karlson, Alex S, Jirat, Tim Curwick, Christy Huddleston, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Today I Found Out, Avi Yashchin, Chris Peters, Eric Knight, Jacob Ash, Simun Niclasen, Jan Schmid, Elliot Beter, Sandra Aft, SR Foxley, Ian Dundore, Daniel Baulig, Jason A Saslow, Robert Kunz, Jessica Wode, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Christian, Caleb Weeks, Jeffrey Thompson, James Craver, and Markus Persson -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

If you’ve ever put your feet up on a warm summer’s day and played “spot the shape in the cloud,” you might’ve seen a kangaroo, a guy preparing to facepalm, maybe a mushroom... On second thought, hopefully not that last one. Hosted by: Michael Aranda ---------- Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters -- we couldn t make SciShow without them! Shout out to Justin Ove, Justin Lentz, David Campos, Philippe von Bergen, Chris Peters, Lilly Grainger, Happy Birthday!!, and Fatima Iqbal. ---------- Like SciShow? Want to help support us, and also get things to put on your walls, cover your torso and hold your liquids? Check out our awesome products over at DFTBA Records: http://dftba.com/scishow Or help support us by becoming our patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow ---------- Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet? Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow Sources: http://www.deepspace.ucsb.edu/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Effects-of-Nuclear-Weapons-1977-3rd-edition-complete.pdf Mushroom clouds forming over volcanoes and forest fires: http://www.theguardian.com/news/2012/jul/13/weatherwatch-clouds-atomic-mushroom Pyrocumulus above forest fires http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231012000660 Brief overview of Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities http://www.quora.com/What-is-an-intuitive-explanation-of-the-Rayleigh-Taylor-instability Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities are important in supernovae: http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.astro.38.1.191 Video of Rayleigh-Taylor instability with water of different temperatures https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yabqo7VFTYs Video of Rayleigh-Tayor instability with salt and pure water. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NI85oC-3mJ0 General (not primary) resource – University paper http://www.ral.ucar.edu/staff/jvigh/documents/vigh_adjustment_mechanisms.pdf

Trace the evolution of Russia, from Kievan Rus to present day, and find out how it became the biggest country in the world. -- Russia is the biggest country in the world, spanning one-eighth of the Earth’s landmass. But where did it all begin? Alex Gendler explores the epic history of the Kievan Rus, where characters ranging from Viking raiders and Western crusaders to Byzantine missionaries and Mongol hordes all played a role to create a unique civilization standing at the crossroads of culture and geography. Lesson by Alex Gendler, animation by Draško Ivezić. Sign up for our newsletter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdNewsletter Support us on Patreon: http://bit.ly/TEDEdPatreon Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/TEDEdFacebook Find us on Twitter: http://bit.ly/TEDEdTwitter Peep us on Instagram: http://bit.ly/TEDEdInstagram View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/where-did-russia-come-from-alex-gendler

At least one entire class of dinosaurs seems to have had feathers—including velociraptors, and probably T. rex. Find out how we know, and how we even know what color some of them were! If you liked this video, check out more videos about natural history and paleontology on SciShow s sister channel, Eons: https://www.youtube.com/eons Hosted by: Hank Green ---------- Dooblydoo thanks go to the following Patreon supporters -- we couldn t make SciShow without them! Shout out to Justin Ove, Justin Lentz, David Campos, Philippe von Bergen, Chris Peters, Lilly Grainger, Happy Birthday!!, and Fatima Iqbal. ---------- Like SciShow? Want to help support us, and also get things to put on your walls, cover your torso and hold your liquids? Check out our awesome products over at DFTBA Records: http://dftba.com/scishow Or help support us by becoming our patron on Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/scishow ---------- Looking for SciShow elsewhere on the internet? Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/scishow Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/scishow Tumblr: http://scishow.tumblr.com Instagram: http://instagram.com/thescishow Sources: http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v484/n7392/abs/nature10906.html http://www.nature.com/news/palaeontology-the-truth-about-t-rex-1.13988 http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/01/28/p-is-for-pelecanimimus/ http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2012/12/31/hooray-for-dinofuzz/ http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/dinosaurs-living-descendants-69657706/?all http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/colorful-plumage-began-with-feathered-dinosaurs-180949691/ http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/01/100127-dinosaur-feathers-colors-nature/ http://www.nature.com/news/rival-species-recast-significance-of-first-bird-1.16469 http://www.nature.com/ncomms/journal/v3/n1/abs/ncomms1642.html http://www.livescience.com/24745-archaeopteryx.html http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-fossil-reveals-velociraptor-sported-feathers/ http://www.dinosaur-world.com/feathered_dinosaurs/sinosauropteryx_prima.htm http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/dinosaurs-ancient-fossils-new-discoveries/liaoning-diorama/a-feathered-tyrant http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/06/130614-dinosaur-xray-bird-color-feather-archaeopteryx/ http://www.dinodictionary.com/index.asp

Even though you probably don t choose to spend a lot of time thinking about it, your pee is kind of a big deal. Today we re talking about the anatomy of your urinary system, and how your kidneys filter metabolic waste and balance salt and water concentrations in the blood. We ll cover how nephrons use glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion to reabsorb water and nutrients back into the blood, and make urine with the leftovers. Pssst... we made flashcards to help you review the content in this episode! Find them on the free Crash Course App! Download it here for Apple Devices: https://apple.co/3d4eyZo Download it here for Android Devices: https://bit.ly/2SrDulJ Chapters: Introduction: Urinary System 00:00 What Do Kidneys Do? 1:25 Urinary System Structure 3:02 Nephrons 4:13 Glomerular Filtration 4:37 Tubular Reabsorption 5:14 Tubular Secretion 8:17 Urine 8:40 Review 9:10 *** Crash Course is on Patreon! You can support us directly by signing up at http://www.patreon.com/crashcourse Thanks to the following Patrons for their generous monthly contributions that help keep Crash Course free for everyone forever: Fatima Iqbal, Penelope Flagg, Eugenia Karlson, Alex S, Jirat, Tim Curwick, Christy Huddleston, Eric Kitchen, Moritz Schmidt, Today I Found Out, Avi Yashchin, Chris Peters, Eric Knight, Jacob Ash, Simun Niclasen, Jan Schmid, Elliot Beter, Sandra Aft, SR Foxley, Ian Dundore, Daniel Baulig, Jason A Saslow, Robert Kunz, Jessica Wode, Steve Marshall, Anna-Ester Volozh, Christian, Caleb Weeks, Jeffrey Thompson, James Craver, and Markus Persson -- Want to find Crash Course elsewhere on the internet? Facebook - http://www.facebook.com/YouTubeCrashCourse Twitter - http://www.twitter.com/TheCrashCourse Tumblr - http://thecrashcourse.tumblr.com Support Crash Course on Patreon: http://patreon.com/crashcourse CC Kids: http://www.youtube.com/crashcoursekids

This Old House plumbing and heating expert Richard Trethewey offers remedies to prevent smelly water. (See the shopping list, tools, and steps below.) SUBSCRIBE to This Old House: http://bit.ly/SubscribeThisOldHouse Shopping List for How to Prevent Plumbing Sulfur Smells: - Aluminum anode rod, used to replace magnesium rod in water heater Tools for How to Prevent Plumbing Sulfur Smells: - Wrench, used to remove anode rod from water heater Steps for How to Prevent Plumbing Sulfur Smells: 1. If the sulfur smell is present in both the hot water and the cold water, call a licensed well contractor and have him or her treat the problem at the well. 2. If the odor is only in the hot water, replace the water heater’s sacrificial magnesium anode rod with an aluminum rod. 3. Sulfur smells are extremely rare in municipal water systems. About Ask This Old House TV: Homeowners have a virtual truckload of questions for us on smaller projects, and we re ready to answer. Ask This Old House solves the steady stream of home improvement problems faced by our viewers—and we make house calls! Ask This Old House features some familiar faces from This Old House, including Kevin O Connor, general contractor Tom Silva, plumbing and heating expert Richard Trethewey, and landscape contractor Roger Cook. Follow This Old House and Ask This Old House: Facebook: http://bit.ly/ThisOldHouseFB Twitter: http://bit.ly/ThisOldHouseTwitter http://bit.ly/AskTOHTwitter Pinterest: http://bit.ly/ThisOldHousePinterest Instagram: http://bit.ly/ThisOldHouseIG http://bit.ly/AskTOHIG Tumblr: http://bit.ly/ThisOldHouseTumblr For more on This Old House and Ask This Old House, visit us at: http://bit.ly/ThisOldHouseWebsite How to Prevent Plumbing Sulfur Smells | Ask This Old House https://www.youtube.com/user/thisoldhouse/

Electrician Scott Caron shows a homeowner how to bring power to a detached garage. #ThisOldHouse #AskTOH SUBSCRIBE to This Old House: http://bit.ly/SubscribeThisOldHouse Shopping List for How to Run Underground Wiring to a Garage: - UF (underground feed) electrical cable - ¾-inch-diameter plastic conduit, used to house cable - ¾-inch conduit outlet bodies, boxes, and assorted fittings - Exterior-grade acrylic-latex caulk, used to weather-seal conduit outlet boxes - Sand and red caution tape, used to warn of the buried cable - 1 5/8-inch galvanized or stainless-steel screws, for attaching conduit outlet boxes - Cable staples, used to secure cable to floor joists and wall studs - GFCI breaker, installed at electrical panel Tools for How to Run Underground Wiring to a Garage: - Trenching machine, for excavating trench - Cordless drill, used to drill holes and drive screws - 1½-inch-diameter hole saw, for boring hole in house and garage walls - Plastic pipe cutters, used to cut plastic conduit - Propane-powered heat gun, used to heat and bend plastic conduit - Rake and shovel, for backfilling trench - Hammer - Wire strippers - Screwdriver Steps for How to Run Underground Wiring to a Garage: 1. Call the local utility company and have them check for buried pipes or wires. 2. Rent a gas-powered trenching machine and dig a trench at least 12 inches deep from the house to the garage. 3. Bore a 1½-inch-diameter hole through the house wall and into the basement with a drill and hole saw. Position the hole directly above the end of the trench. 4. Cut a length of ¾-inch-diameter plastic conduit to extend from the bottom of the trench up to the hole in the house wall. 5. If necessary, use a propane-powered heat gun to bend the conduit to conform to the foundation. 6. Attach a plastic conduit outlet body to the end of the conduit. 7. Push a length of UF (underground feed) electrical cable into the conduit, then feed the end of the cable through the hole in the house wall. 8. From inside the basement, pull the cable all the way to the main electrical panel. Secure the cable to the overhead joists with cable staples. 9. Go outside and lay the cable into the trench, running it all the way to the garage. 10. At the garage, repeat Steps 3 through 7 to install the plastic conduit and cable. 11. After feeding the cable into the garage, screw the conduit outlet body to the exterior wall of the garage. Screw the other conduit body to the house wall. 12. Apply exterior-grade acrylic-latex caulk around the conduit outlet body to seal out water. 13. Cover the cable with about 2 inches of sand, then lay caution tape on top of the sand along the entire trench. 14. Backfill the trench with the excavated soil. 15. Have a licensed electrician make the final wire connections in the garage and at the main electrical panel. About This Old House TV: This Old House is the No. 1 multimedia home enthusiast brand, offering trusted information and expert advice through award-winning television, a highly regarded magazine, and an information-driven website. This Old House and Ask This Old House are produced by This Old House Ventures, LLC and are presented on PBS by WGBH Boston. Follow This Old House and Ask This Old House: Facebook: http://bit.ly/ThisOldHouseFB Twitter: http://bit.ly/ThisOldHouseTwitter http://bit.ly/AskTOHTwitter Pinterest: http://bit.ly/ThisOldHousePinterest Instagram: http://bit.ly/ThisOldHouseIG Tumblr: http://bit.ly/ThisOldHouseTumblr How to Run Underground Wiring to a Garage | Ask This Old House https://www.youtube.com/user/thisoldhouse/

This Old House general contractor Tom Silva shows a homeowner how to silence squeaks in a carpeted room. (See the shopping list, tools, and steps below.) SUBSCRIBE to This Old House: http://bit.ly/SubscribeThisOldHouse Shopping List for How to Quiet Squeaky Carpeted Floors: - Floor-squeak repair kit [https://amzn.to/2Fd12UW] Tools for How to Quiet Squeaky Carpeted Floors: - Hammer [https://amzn.to/2KhAu95] - Cordless drill [https://amzn.to/2F8TH8M] - Tape measure [https://amzn.to/2F4n8ZF] - Screws [https://amzn.to/2KR8M2g], to mark joist locations - Nylon string [https://amzn.to/2KVd88V], used to indicate floor joists Steps for How to Quiet Squeaky Carpeted Floors: 1. Tap the carpeted floor with a hammer and listen for a dull thud sound, which indicates the location of a floor joist. 2. Drive a long screw from the kit through the carpeting and subfloor to confirm that there’s a joist below. 3. If the screw misses a joist, back it out and try again until you hit a joist. Leave the screwhead sticking up an inch or so. 4. Once you’ve located the first joist, measure over every 16 inches to find the other floor joists along one wall. 5. Drive one screw into the floor every 16 inches across the room to mark the joist locations. Again, be sure to leave the screwheads protruding a little. 6. Transfer the location of the screws across to the other side of the room. 7. Repeat Steps 2 through 5 to pinpoint the joists along the opposite wall. 8. Tie a nylon string to the first screwhead and stretch it across the carpet and around the screwhead protruding from the floor at the opposite side of the room. 9. Loop the string around and stretch it along the next joist. Continue in this manner until you’ve stretched the string back and forth across the room, indicating the position of each joist. 10. Remove the special screw-driving bit from the floor-squeak repair kit and chuck it into a cordless drill. 11. Stand the kit’s depth-control fixture over the string and directly over a floor joist. 12. Insert a scored screw from the kit into the center hole in the fixture. 13. Push down on the fixture, then use the drill to drive in the screw until it bottoms out. 14. Slip the protruding screwhead into the slot in the fixture. Then rock the fixture side to side to snap off the screw. 15. Move down the string 12 to 16 inches and drive in another screw. Use the fixture to snap off the screw. 16. Continue in this manner along each joist, spacing the screws 12 to 16 inches apart. 17. Pick up and discard all the snapped-off screwheads. About Ask This Old House TV: Homeowners have a virtual truckload of questions for us on smaller projects, and we re ready to answer. Ask This Old House solves the steady stream of home improvement problems faced by our viewers—and we make house calls! Ask This Old House features some familiar faces from This Old House, including Kevin O Connor, general contractor Tom Silva, plumbing and heating expert Richard Trethewey, and landscape contractor Roger Cook. Follow This Old House and Ask This Old House: Facebook: http://bit.ly/ThisOldHouseFB Twitter: http://bit.ly/ThisOldHouseTwitter http://bit.ly/AskTOHTwitter Pinterest: http://bit.ly/ThisOldHousePinterest Instagram: http://bit.ly/ThisOldHouseIG http://bit.ly/AskTOHIG Tumblr: http://bit.ly/ThisOldHouseTumblr For more on This Old House and Ask This Old House, visit us at: http://bit.ly/ThisOldHouseWebsite How to Quiet Squeaky Carpeted Floors | Ask This Old House https://www.youtube.com/user/thisoldhouse/

Hey guys! In this video, I m finally showing you guys my twin sister, Samantha! If you guys want to see more videos with her, give this video a thumbs up and comment! Also, If you want to be included in my next Question and Answer video, make sure you follow me on my social media! Adelaine Morin s twin tag video: http://youtu.be/d0j-lKIB5kc PLEASE READ So as a lot of you have noticed that I haven t uploaded a video for quite a while, and that s because ever since school started, I ve been super busy with homework, tests, and university applications. For the next little while, I ll try to upload as often as possible, but I probably won t be able to make a video per week. I would rather put out content that I m proud of rather than rush a lot of videos just to get them up. I hope you guys understand! Make sure you re following me on my social media so you can keep up with what I m doing, and we can still talk! Let s be friends! Instagram: @jenerationdiy (http://instagram.com/jenerationdiy) Twitter: @jenerationdiy (https://twitter.com/JENerationDIY) Facebook: Jenerationdiy http://goo.gl/PWtErw Snapchat: jeneration_diy My last video: DIY Bath and Body Works Candles https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zBBx3Pw-XgA Vlog/2nd Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCEDynq2yfbzCLtozZoPaWsA Spotify playlist: https://play.spotify.com/user/jenerationdiy/playlist/3ZdnGZSmqdkLY72RjhQniQ Here s how to get sponsored videos: http://grapevinelogic.com/creator/?referrer=jenerationdiy Music in the video: -What I ve Been Looking For Instumental - High School Musical https://goo.gl/Cs2O0M Camera: Canon Rebel t3i Camera Lens: Sigma 30mm f/1.4 Editing Program: Final Cut Pro X If you guys couldn t tell already, I don t actually have a real twin! It s just a joke, so please take it lightly! For business inquiries, please email rene@beaufreshmedia.com

Today we are cleaning out our closets to make Halloween outfits (visit GladtoGive.com to schedule a donation pickup of unwanted items from your closet!) and we are doing some quick and easy Halloween decor in our front yard + Kate locked us out of the house! We want to send a big thanks to Glad for sponsoring today s episode! To check out more photos and fun from our Halloween special, check out the blog post: http://bit.ly/1Qfcrk1 If you haven t already, subscribe to our channel for more fun by clicking here: http://bit.ly/1HXmip0 Order A Hot Glue Gun Mess: Funny Stories, Pretty DIY Projects here: http://www.mrkate.com/book Watch the first season of OMG We Bought A House! here: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLxrcW2MAluZI6qVFJmGtbf5F5QJ4tThjX Follow Mr. Kate on social media: Snapchat: MrKate Twitter: http://www.twitter.com/mrkate Instagram: http://www.instagram.com/mrkatedotcom Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/mrkatedotcom Pinterest: http://www.pinterest.com/mrkate/ See more on the Mr. Kate blog: ‎http://www.mrkate.com More interior design inspiration on OMG We Bought A House: http://bit.ly/1xFHXht OR Mister Sister: http://bit.ly/1p7cqGo OR Couple Moves In: http://bit.ly/1C8b0yB A Mr. Kate, Inc. Production Executive Producers: Kate Albrecht and Joey Zehr Directed by: Brad Etter Directory of Photography: Shane Collins Edited by: Brad Etter and Tiro Rose Sound: Blake Christian Art Department: Sofia Draco